High ambient temperature, high concrete temperature ... Cooling water in the mix, or cooling the aggregates. Adding ice to the mix. Adding liquid nitrogen to the mix. During the construction ...

Additionally, all concrete mix experienced a decline in structural ... the mixes with NCS behaved slightly better than those with RCS at high temperatures of 450 and 600 °C.

To make concrete, limestone, or calcium carbonate, is mixed with clay and other materials and then calcined at high temperatures, so CO2 is released via the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.